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The global flood

The story of Noah’s Ark is a well-known biblical tale that tells the story of a global flood that destroyed all life on earth except for Noah, his family, and a pair of every animal species on the planet. The oldest known version of the story of the Ark of Noah comes from the ancient city of Nippur in Mesopotamia and dates back to around 2000 BCE.

This version of the story is known as the “Eridu Genesis” and is written in cuneiform on clay tablets. The story shares many similarities with the biblical account of the flood, including the building of an ark, the sending of birds to find dry land, and the salvation of a righteous man and his family. However, there are also significant differences between the two versions, such as the length of the flood and the reason for God’s decision to destroy the earth.

Sumerian tablets

The Sumerian tablets do contain stories about a flood. The most well-known of these flood stories is called the “Eridu Genesis” and is written on a Sumerian cuneiform tablet dating back to around 1600 BCE.

The Eridu Genesis tells the story of a great flood that is sent by the gods to destroy humanity because of their wickedness. The flood is survived by a man named Ziusudra, who is instructed by the god Enki to build a large boat to carry himself, his family, and various animals to safety. After the flood, Ziusudra lands on a mountaintop and offers sacrifices to the gods.

This flood story shares many similarities with the later biblical account of Noah’s Ark, and it is possible that the story influenced the development of the biblical flood narrative. However, there are also significant differences between the two stories, such as the reason for the flood and the details of the ark itself.

an excerpt from the Sumerian flood story known as the “Eridu Genesis,” as translated by historian Thorkild Jacobsen:

“O man of Shuruppak, son of Ubartutu: Tear down the house and build a boat! Abandon wealth and seek living beings! Spurn possessions and keep alive living beings! Make all living beings go up into the boat. The boat which you are to build, its dimensions must measure equal to each other: its length must correspond to its width. Roof it over like the Apsu. I understood and spoke to my lord, my master: “Behold, my lord! What you have thus ordered, I will heed and will do it.

This passage describes the instructions given to the hero of the story, Ziusudra (also known as Utnapishtim), by the god Enki to build a boat in preparation for the coming flood. The full text of the Eridu Genesis, along with other Sumerian flood stories, can be found in various translations and editions of Sumerian literature.

In the Sumerian flood story known as the “Eridu Genesis,” the lord who gives the instructions to the hero Ziusudra (also known as Utnapishtim) is the god Enki. Enki was a major deity in the Sumerian pantheon, associated with water, wisdom, and creation. In this story, Enki warns Ziusudra of the impending flood and instructs him to build a boat in order to survive the catastrophe.

Who is Enki?

Enki was associated with water and was often depicted as a god of rivers, oceans, and underground springs. He was believed to have the power to control the flow of water and to use it for both creative and destructive purposes.
Enki was also a god of wisdom, knowledge, and magic. He was often portrayed as a clever and crafty figure who could solve problems and outsmart his rivals through his intelligence and cunning.
Enki was believed to have played a key role in the creation of humanity. According to some Sumerian myths, Enki was responsible for shaping human beings out of clay and imbuing them with the breath of life.
Enki was a complex and multifaceted deity who was capable of both benevolent and malevolent actions. In some myths, he is portrayed as a protector of humanity, while in others he is depicted as a trickster who causes chaos and confusion.
Enki was often associated with the city of Eridu, one of the oldest and most important cities in Sumer. He was believed to have established the city and to have built its most important temple, the E-Abzu, which was dedicated to the worship of Enki and his consort, the goddess Ninhursag.

Who is Anu?

Anu was often associated with divine kingship, and was believed to have bestowed the right to rule on earthly kings and rulers. He was regarded as a protector of order and justice, and was called upon to ensure the stability and prosperity of Sumerian society.
Anu was the father of several other important deities in the Sumerian pantheon, including Enlil (god of the air and storms) and Ea/Enki (god of water, wisdom, and creation).
Anu was also associated with various celestial bodies, including the stars, planets, and constellations. In some Sumerian myths, he was believed to be the ruler of the entire cosmos, and was called upon to maintain the balance and harmony of the universe.
Anu was often depicted as a distant and aloof figure, and was rarely depicted interacting with mortal beings. Nevertheless, he was regarded with great reverence and respect by the Sumerians, who believed that his favor was essential for the prosperity and well-being of their society.

“Anu, king of the gods, they appointed to be their shepherd; the heavenly Anunnaki they entrusted to him. Enlil, lord of the lands, they made to be their counselor; the earthly Anunnaki they entrusted to him. Enki, lord of wisdom, they appointed to be their chief; the sorceries and incantations they entrusted to him.” (Source: “The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature)

Who is Enlil?

Enlil was often depicted as a bearded man wearing a horned headdress or crown, and was sometimes portrayed holding a staff or scepter.
Enlil was believed to have played a key role in the creation of humanity. According to some Sumerian myths, Enlil helped to create humans by separating them from the animals and granting them the ability to communicate and reason.
Enlil was regarded as a protector of kingship and rulership, and was called upon to ensure the stability and prosperity of Sumerian society. He was often depicted as a stern and demanding figure who expected obedience and loyalty from his followers.
Enlil was associated with various natural phenomena, including storms, winds, and thunder. He was believed to control the forces of nature and was called upon to bring rain and fertility to the land.
Enlil was the father of several other important deities in the Sumerian pantheon, including Ninlil (goddess of grain and fertility) and Nanna/Sin (god of the moon).

This comes from the Sumerian myth known as “Enki and the World Order,” and describes a scene in which the gods gather to assign various roles and responsibilities:

According to Sumerian mythology, the creation of humans by Enlil took place during the earliest days of the world. The exact date is not specified, as these stories predate the development of writing and were passed down orally for generations before they were eventually recorded in written form.

The Ubaid civilization (5900-4000 BCE)

The Ubaid civilization was located in Mesopotamia, and it is considered to be the earliest known civilization in the region. The Ubaid people were known for their advanced agricultural practices, as well as their use of irrigation systems and pottery.

The Indus Valley civilization (3300-1300 BCE)

The Indus Valley civilization was located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, and it was one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world. The Indus Valley people were known for their well-planned cities, advanced drainage systems, and trade with other civilizations.

The Norte Chico civilization (3500-1800 BCE)

The Norte Chico civilization was located in present-day Peru, and it is considered to be one of the earliest known civilizations in the Americas. The Norte Chico people were known for their large ceremonial centers and the use of a complex system of canals for irrigation.

The Egyptian civilization (3100-30 BCE)

The Egyptian civilization emerged along the Nile River in northeastern Africa, and it is one of the oldest civilizations in the world. The Egyptians were known for their impressive architecture, such as the pyramids and temples, as well as their advanced writing system and religion

The Xia dynasty (2100-1600 BCE)

The Xia dynasty was the first recorded dynasty in Chinese history, and it is considered to be the beginning of Chinese civilization. The Xia people were known for their advanced bronze metallurgy and the construction of the Great Wall of China.

The Annunaki

The Annunaki is a term used in Mesopotamian mythology to refer to a group of deities. In Sumerian mythology, the Annunaki were believed to be a group of deities who were responsible for the creation of the world and the human race. They were said to be the children of the god Anu and his consort Ki.

The Annunaki were often depicted as powerful and imposing beings with human-like bodies, but with the heads of various animals. They were associated with the forces of nature and were believed to have the power to control the weather, fertility, and other aspects of the natural world.

In some versions of Mesopotamian mythology, the Annunaki were also associated with the underworld and were believed to have played a role in the judgment of the dead. The Annunaki were a significant part of Mesopotamian religion and mythology, and their stories and legends continue to be studied and discussed by scholars today. However, it is important to note that the existence of the Annunaki is a matter of mythology and not historical fact.

Sumerian civilization (ca. 4000 BCE – 2000 BCE)

The Sumerians were the first civilization in Mesopotamia, and they developed a complex religious system that included the worship of the Annunaki.

Akkadian Empire (ca. 2334 BCE – 2154 BCE)

The Akkadians conquered the Sumerians and adopted much of their culture and religious beliefs, including the worship of the Annunaki.

Babylonian Empire (ca. 1894 BCE – 539 BCE)

The Babylonians were also heavily influenced by Sumerian culture and religion, and they continued to worship the Annunaki.

Assyrian Empire (ca. 2500 BCE – 609 BCE)

The Assyrians were another Mesopotamian civilization that worshipped the Annunaki, although their religious beliefs were somewhat different from those of the Babylonians and Sumerians.

The Pyramid of Giza

Also known as the Great Pyramid of Khufu, was constructed around 2560 BCE during the Old Kingdom period of ancient Egypt. There are several methods that have been used to date the construction of the Pyramid, including:

Carbon dating: This method involves measuring the levels of carbon-14 in organic material found near the Pyramid, such as bones or wooden fragments. By comparing these levels to known levels of carbon-14 from the same time period, scientists can estimate the age of the organic material and thus the Pyramid.

Astronomical dating: This method involves studying the alignment of the Pyramid with certain celestial bodies, such as the stars in the constellation Orion. By examining the position of these stars in the night sky at the time of construction, scientists can estimate the age of the Pyramid.

Archaeological dating: This method involves examining the artifacts and other material found in and around the Pyramid to determine their age. By using techniques such as pottery dating and stratigraphy, archaeologists can estimate the age of the Pyramid.

Sphinx

In 1991, Professor Schoch scientifically dated the Sphinx to thousands of years prior to the time of the Egyptian pharaohs, having been constructed at the end of the last ice age. This places the statue at a time when the Saharan region was much more humid, lush with plant and animal life, and subject to persistent rainfall. And despite constant criticism from mainstream archeologists, he’s held his ground, showing seismic data of the region which suggests the Sphinx’s origin may be more accurately placed at 10,000 B.C.E.

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